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In the traditional counselling modality, the client meets individually and confidentially with the counsellor. Therapeutic interventions are administered during the counselling session with the hope that client changes will generalize to other situations. Sessions usually take place once per week for an hour. Although other arrangements are not uncommon. Croup counselling is a modality in which the counsellor (often called group leader) meets with more than one client at a time. Theories of group counselling have developed that suggest that the group interaction can be therapeutic in and of itself. Other advantages include economy, provision of numerous social models, and the opportunity to practice behaviours in a social situation (see Group Counselling).

In marriage and family counselling, the counsellor meets conjointly with several family members for the purpose of making changes within the context of the family. According to many family theorists, dysfunctional behaviour is an effect of the family's interactional pattern and therefore interventions are designed to change the nature of the interactions (see family counselling; Marriage counselling).